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Original articles |
1 Carolinas Medical Centre, NC, United States
2 University of Auckland, New Zealand
3 Carolinas Medical Center, NC, United States
* To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: e.mitchell{at}auckland.ac.nz.
Accepted 5 February 2005
 | Abstract |
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Four behavioural states are recognised in the human fetus and are comparable to those of the neonate: 1F (quiet sleep), 2F (active state), 3F (quiet awake) and 4F (active awake). State 5, or crying is not considered to have a fetal correlate. In a study assessing the effects of tobacco and cocaine exposure during pregnancy on fetal response and habituation to vibroacoustic stimulation, we observed what appears to be the fetal homologue of crying. These behaviours were seen on ultrasound, and have been captured on video recordings and include: an initial exhalation movement associated with mouth opening and tongue depression, followed by a series of three augmented breaths, the last breath ending in an inspiratory pause followed by an expiration and settling. To our knowledge, this is the first report/video documenting these behaviours and suggests the possibility of a State 5F.
Keywords: crying, fetal behavioural state, fetus
This article has been cited by other articles:
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  D M B Hall and M J Renfrew Tongue tie Arch. Dis. Child., December 1, 2005; 90(12): 1211 - 1215. [Full Text] [PDF]
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